العلوم الاجتماعية

The development of the monetary and banking systems after the Great Depression and the Great Depression (1929/1933) witnessed rapid and decisive changes, especially after the end of the Second World War and the emergence of a new international monetary system as a result of the Bretton Woods Agreement. Supported the development in the field of microelectronics, which has been used in the field of services and exchanges, especially in the presentation of services of the banking system, using a range of services, including modern electronic payment methods. In the past few years, the meditator has seen a revolution in information and communication technology that has radically influenced the way business transactions or transactions have been in line with the business environment and the pace of transactions, especially in the field of banking operations. Since the second half of the last century, the world witnessed a scientific development in all areas of life. The most prominent of these developments was the discovery of the computer and the emergence of the Internet. This led to a real revolution in information. Thus, the information society began to be thought of as a new civilization. Where the information society prevails as an alternative to the industrial society. The banks' traditional role of accepting deposits and granting credit and looking to provide diversified banking and financial services in line with the growing growth of modern means of communication has to be reconsidered. The use of software technologies in banking has been a result of The use of the computer with the enormous capacity for storage and retrieval, and if all sectors have benefited greatly from this industry, the banking sector was not far from this benefit, which benefited greatly through the use of the completion of banking services provided to customers and from The services of the electronic transfer of money via the Internet. This has affected the quality of the money in which these transactions and deals are settled, as well as the monetary policy through which their objectives are achieved. All these transactions and mechanisms have become through electronic communication networks, which are the Internet. The economic systems of some countries have suffered from the crisis of slowness and lack of confidence in banking transactions for many years. The composition of the multinational and rapidly changing labor communities in the world, depending on the development of the fast-growing trade community, has created open markets that To make financial agreements that are not supported by the necessary resources. Thus, with deliberate fraud sometimes, many communities are vulnerable to a number of e-banking fraud incidents. With the development of social, political and economic life and in various aspects of life and the spread of civilizations, the diversity of crimes is no longer limited to conventional crimes. This enormous development led to the emergence of new types of science-based crimes, including money laundering. The gangs that deal with such crimes deal with drugs, weapons, the slave trade and counterfeiting, penetrating the international financial institutions and the laws and regulations of those countries. They are hidden from the eyes of the international security services and escape from criminal justice. The rapid developments witnessed by banks and financial institutions in the areas of electronic connectivity and other forms of electronic payment, with the increase in the volume of electronic commerce, which have an impact on the efficiency of techniques to detect financial crimes opened the door wide for money laundering operations on a large scale, And make those institutions more vulnerable to exploitation through money laundering. After the electronic transfer of money has become one of the most important means of scientific progress brought about by the recent developments in the technology of communication and information. Developed countries have realized the importance of the electronic transfer of money in the field of electronic commerce and thus the prosperity of its economy, and quickly organized it in a manner that is compatible with the world A development in the field of science and technology, which prompted the countries aspiring to growth to the need to organize to catch up with the developed countries and through the development of its economy. This study deals with the system of e-transformation of bank banking in terms of its relation to the practical and technical reality and the development of this reality. Since any new system is not initially suitable for the situation it is solved, there are many risks arising from the application That system, but that does not preclude the application of the system by developing solutions to those risks. At the outset, what is the new area that we will be going through? What is the definition of the banking operations of the banks through which it takes place? This new field is the Internet, which has many definitions, but we will limit itself to the linguistic definition of them, which overlap with each other and this leads us to demonstrate the scientific meaning of this network, which is one of the modern means of communication to negotiate and conclude contracts. And sometimes implemented and rely on computers from the computer to express the will among different people around the world and very quickly. The definition of banking operations of banks passing through this network is called electronic banking services, which are the banking operations of banks that pass through electronic means. If bank banking has known conventional images as well as monetary policy objectives, they are shaped by a set of goals that each country seeks to achieve in order to balance its economy. Therefore, to know how this mechanism is achieved through the electronic system,

Passed the contract group theory stages consecutive period of development and modernization, since the first inception until the present day, as it differed Fiqh about these modern legal idea, specifically French Fiqh has provoked heated debate among Osath and among Arab jurisprudence, and mixed them positions, resulting in a variation the elimination of the position as well, who seemed reluctant to apply them to what is being offered by the disputes relating to a group of contracts that are related to an objective of the Association is an association of shop units or common economic purpose. The detailed study and comparison of the subject in this research is a serious attempt to answer these questions.

Foreign investor guarantees represent a reflection of the development of the investment environment in Iraq through the legislature sought to promote investment and transfer of modern technologies to contribute to developing and enhancing Iraq, and expanding the production and service base and diversify the process, protect the rights and property investors. And that by trying to put a legal interest ends of investment holding the balance of guarantees, it is no secret to the supervisor of the investment environment contemporary. That those guarantees is established as a direct challenges reflect the need to take advantage of tools such as foreign investment, which supports the work of those means of providing the service and the identifier of the Iraqi investment environment. It contributes through the foreign investor commitments Atjahaha to provide the necessary push to the economic development process, development and increased design capacity for investment projects in Iraq styles. And throw through it to two goals: first, to try to find guarantees provide the necessary protection and compensation appropriate to the foreign investor, and check the purpose of accelerating the resolution of the conflict and to facilitate the means of proof. Secondly, the reflection of those guarantees direction of the Iraqi investment environment development. This is what we eat in this study.